Deciphering Gene Regulatory Networks governing Mammalian Sex Determination

Introduction

During mammalian sex determination, the bipotential embryonic gonad adopts either testicular or ovarian cell fates. This process highly relies on precise expression of several pro-male versus pro-female factors, most of which are transcription factors (TFs) and signalling pathway components.

Research Gaps

Yet, we still do not understand the interplay and hierarchy among these factors, their direct target genes, the regulatory elements they bind to, nor do we have an in vitro system to address these questions.

Recent Findings

We recently explored the complex gene expression regulation of Sox9, a key pro-male factor, and identified several active testis-specific enhancers. Remarkably, deletion of one of these led to XY male-to-female sex reversal in mice.

Complexity of Gene Regulation

The presence of several functional enhancers highlights the complex gene expression regulation present during sex determination, which we aim to address here in a systematic manner.

Development of a New System

Furthermore, we recently developed a system to generate mouse and human gonadal progenitors from embryonic stem cells. Building on our exciting results, we seek to decipher the gene regulatory networks governing mammalian sex determination using in vivo and in vitro approaches.

Project Aims

This proposal will pursue three complementary aims:

1. Identify target genes of the key factors controlling gonad formation.
2. Map the regulatory elements bound by these factors.
3. Develop an in vitro organoid system to model testis development.

Methodology

Using cutting-edge techniques such as:

• CUT&RUN ChIP-Seq
• ATAC-Seq
• Promoter Capture Hi-C
• CRISPR genome editing
• Organoid culture
• 3D scaffolding development

we will address the complex gene expression regulation governing sex determination.

Implications of Research

Insights gained from this basic research will shed light on cell fate decisions in general, allow better diagnosis of many patients with Disorders of Sex Development, and offer an in vitro system to study gonad development and function with implications for understanding and treating infertility.