Context-dependent flexibility in innate behaviours and their underlying neural circuitry

Introduction

Avoiding danger and approaching food are essential and highly conserved behaviours. To ensure an animal’s survival, such innate reactions need to be fast and reliable. However, in an ever-changing environment, not only reliability, but also flexibility is required.

Research Question

How brain circuits are organized to allow for context-specific, flexible behaviour remains an open fundamental question. Here I propose experiments that dissect how brain circuits mediate context-specific reactions to survival-critical cues including threat and prey.

Methodology

A unique combination of viral tools, high-throughput neural recording techniques, and quantification of behaviour in different rodent species will reveal how neural circuits can encode changes in the animal’s context and adjust to different situations.

Proposal Strengths

The strengths of this proposal are twofold:

1. This research will make use of the reliable framework of innate behaviours that do not require learning, and which can be elicited with simple visual stimuli to assess flexibility.
2. I will compare the impact of three different contexts on these behaviours and their underlying circuits:
   • How does ambient light affect innate reactions?
   • How do animals respond to threat at different times of the day?
   • How have species that evolved in different ecological niches developed distinct avoidance behaviours?

Expected Outcomes

Comparing the impact of these internal and external, transient and permanent contexts on the same, well-defined circuits and behaviours will:

1. Reveal general principles of context-specific flexibility.
2. Dissect whether neural circuits that underlie similar behaviours are conserved across species.
3. Determine which parts of the brain are most likely to adjust when changes in the environment require behavioural flexibility.

Conclusion

Together, this work will reveal how flexible behaviours are created in the brain and may provide a framework to assess the cause and treatment of lack of such flexibility, e.g., in anxiety disorders.