Evolution on the Nile: Faunal Regionalization and Continuity in the Pleistocene of Sudan

Introduction

Over a century of paleontological investigation in Africa has revealed a rich Pleistocene fossil record that includes the evolution of hominins and their material cultures. However, the vast majority of fossil sites are located in the East African Rift Valley (EARV), and our knowledge is heavily skewed by this geographic bias.

Geographic Bias and Knowledge Gaps

Poor continental geographic sampling means we lack an understanding of faunal regional variations, and the role of dispersal and geographic variation in the emergence of modern ecosystems. Furthermore, many have questioned the role of the Nile, the longest river in the world, in promoting faunal and cultural dispersal between Subsaharan and North Africa, and beyond to Eurasia.

Historical Context

For decades, such questions have been answered speculatively, with little data to stand on.

Project Overview: PALEONILE

PALEONILE is an ambitious project that will address these major gaps in our knowledge through large-scale surveys to reveal a new fossil record from the Middle Nile River Basin in Sudan.

Objectives

This project will:

1. Test an overarching hypothesis of Pleistocene zoogeographic regionalization in the Nile Basin with respect to the EARV and surrounding areas.
2. Use an interdisciplinary array of paleontological, geological, geochronological, and archaeological approaches to reach its objectives.

Methodology

The geographic scale of the project is large and the techniques are cutting edge, including:

• High-risk experimental methodologies such as paleobiomolecular recovery.
• New developments in sedimentary dating.

Significance of the Project

PALEONILE forms the first ever large-scale systematic paleontological project to be conducted in Sudan, where the Cenozoic fossil record remains largely undiscovered, and its potential overlooked.

Expected Outcomes

PALEONILE will generate a new paradigm of zoogeographic dynamics and evolution in the African Pleistocene that represents a new synthesis of hydrographic, phylogenomic, archaeological, and paleontological evidence.