Validating Biodegradation Rates and Reactions Applying Novel Technologies and Systems Ecology Approaches

Introduction

Plastic Marine Debris (PMD) is now considered a planetary boundary threat and the Plastic Cycle a biogeochemical cycle. The impacts of single-use plastic litter in marine environments have prompted a search for greener alternatives such as the biodegradable/compostable plastics polyhydroxyalkanoates and polylactic acid already being used for consumer goods.

Microbial Diversity and Biodegradation

The diversity of microbes, their enzymes, and their role in influencing the rates of plastic biodegradation in nature remains poorly characterized, particularly in cold or low-oxygen marine waters and seafloor, where most PMD accumulates.

Key Concerns

The impact of lag duration, pH, hydrostatic pressure, and potential priority effects of initial microbial colonizers remain vital but unaddressed concerns. In addition, the impact of plastic, its breakdown products, and additives on marine organisms and ecosystems is largely unquantified.

Research Questions

Two urgent questions are:

1. How long does plastic last in the marine environment?
2. What are the impacts on ecosystems?

Project Objectives

This technology-enabled project aims to:

• Quantify biodegradation rates of biodegradable plastics and plastic-associated additives in the field and under controlled laboratory conditions.
• Develop a fish model system for toxicity tests to fill these knowledge gaps.

Methodology

This project will generate novel microbial metagenomes from global plastic samples collected during cruises and from biodegradation experiments to create a comprehensive list of genes and enzymes linked to the biodegradation of biodegradable plastic in marine environments.

Innovative Techniques

It will be the first to combine:

• In situ respirometry
• Stable isotope probing
• Advanced imaging techniques

These methods will measure biodegradable plastic biodegradation rates while visualizing microbe-microbe interactions on the plastic surface, revealing cellular mechanisms occurring during active biodegradation.

Development of a Fish Organoid Model

Finally, it will develop the first marine fish organoid model for consistent and efficient testing of toxicity due to plastics and additives.